The criminal use of cryptocurrency

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The criminal use of cryptocurrencies
Cryptocurrencies have been adopted as part of money laundering schemes and are particularly associated with several predicate offences including fraud and drug trafficking. They are also widely used as a means of payment for illegal goods and services offered online and offline.
Money laundering is the main criminal activity associated with the illicit use of cryptocurrencies. The growing popularity and adoption of cryptocurrencies have led to their increasing use in money laundering schemes. Other criminal activities that show an intensive use of cryptocurrencies are related to the use of cryptocurrencies as a payment method for illicit goods and services, fraudulent cryptocurrency investments and cybercrime. In all instances, criminals want to obfuscate the source of the illicit assets with cryptocurrencies. A number of indicators show how criminals involved in frauds strongly rely on the use of cryptocurrencies.

Cryptocurrencies are also the means of payment of choice for criminal commodities and services, such as drugs or child sexual abuse material (CSAM) purchased online. This applies in particular to listings on dark web marketplaces where they are the main means of payment. Different types of malware target cryptocurrencies for theft as well as for the mining of coins in the network of unaware victims. Extortion schemes carried on by cybercriminals make extensive use of cryptocurrencies. Digital services and infrastructure abused for criminal purposes like servers, virtual private networks (VPNs) and hosting services are mostly purchased in cryptocurrency.

Money laundering
Virtually all kinds of criminal profits are laundered using cryptocurrencies. These activities range from the laundering of proceeds already in digital form, such as the payment of ransoms or criminal infrastructures, to a transformation of huge amounts of cash into virtual assets. Examples of cryptocurrency usage in money laundering schemes include the purchase of cryptocurrencies by criminal networks using illicit proceeds and the use of cryptocurrencies to transfer funds.
The use of cryptocurrencies in money laundering schemes has been increasing, and many criminal networks relied on cryptocurrencies as a payment medium during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Money laundering networks specialised in large-scale money laundering
as a service have adopted cryptocurrencies and are offering their services
to other criminal actors. These networks can already rely on established infrastructure such as numerous bank accounts as well as in-depth knowledge of the banking system and use of FinTech.
Money laundering networks provide their services to other criminal networks, which may include the acquisition or trade of cryptocurrencies, the legalisation of criminal assets and the final cash out in the accounts of criminals. Professional money laundering networks are a significant threat and enable other criminal networks to operate. Marketplaces on the dark web advertise money laundering cryptocurrency service providers. They also offer information on how criminals can cash out cryptocurrencies, such as by exchanging Bitcoin for gift vouchers or prepaid debit cards.

Predicate offences
The use of cryptocurrency in money laundering involves the profits of both online and offline criminal activities. They are in fact frequently reported in the context of drug trafficking, fraud and cybercrime.
Cybercrime proceeds
primarily concern funds coming from online frauds, ransomware and dark web marketplaces. The highest volume of illicit transactions is associated with these criminal activities.

Fraud
Fraud is the most frequently identified predicate offence for the illegal use of cryptocurrencies, accounting for more than half of identified criminal transactions.Criminals involved in fraud either make use of professional (crypto) money laundering services or set up their own money laundering schemes.
Criminals involved in investment fraud are particularly adept at using cryptocurrencies to channel illicit proceeds. Cryptocurrency investment fraud schemes have been identified in several EU Member States.
Fraudsters create websites devoted to cryptocurrency investments or advertise lucrative investments and encourage investors to create accounts on online trading platforms. Alternatively, operators from established call- centres offer opportunities requiring small initial investments that end in high profits. The victims have the impression to be able to monitor their investments thanks to internet platforms. However, the whole process is a deception. Brokers try to obtain information about the victims using social engineering techniques, while gaining their trust with simulated trading activities.
On some occasions, fraudsters collect capital to initiate a new profitable cryptocurrency which does not really exist. Pyramid schemes are a frequently used method of attracting investors with promises of high returns. The increase in value promised to investors is just an illusion, and any disbursements to investors are merely funds transferred from investors further down the pyramid. Members are encouraged to bring others into the fold in exchange for a commission.

Drug trafficking
Cryptocurrencies are increasingly used to launder the proceeds of drug trafficking. In recent years, EU law enforcement authorities carried out several investigations into the laundering of drug trafficking proceeds using cryptocurrencies. These large-scale laundering activities normally involve specialised criminal networks that provide professional crypto money laundering services.

Cybercriminals
Cybercriminals make extensive use of cryptocurrencies that consequently have to be laundered, invested or cashed out. Proceeds from cybercrime activities normally do not require a conversion as they are often already in cryptocurrencies. Cybercriminals extensively use obfuscation techniques and services to hinder transactions traceability.

Conclusion 
As I write there seems to be no solution like one tablets suits all. Cryptocurrency as currency for crime is a neat equation and this would remain till cryptocurrencies exist in the world. Do though costly solutions exist to track cryptocurrency used for any type of crime but is not feasible for all police forces across the world . Government now need policies and regulations if crypto is to be governed for at lease law and order purposes .

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