Types of Cyber Attacks

Types of Cyber Attacks

There are several effective methods for disrupting computer systems. We are talking of a method known as cyber attack, or computer network attack , which uses malicious computer code to disrupt computer processing, or steal data. 

A brief description of three different methods are shown here. However, as technology changes, future distinctions between these methods may begin to blur.

An attack against computers may be targeted or un-targeted

(i) disrupt equipment and hardware reliability, (ii) change processing logic, or (iii) steal or corrupt data. The methods discussed here are chosen based on the technology asset against which each attack mode is directed, and the effects each method can produce. The assets affected or effects produced can sometimes overlap for different attack methods. 

• Conventional kinetic weapons can be directed against computer equipment, a computer facility, or transmission lines to create a physical attack that disrupts the reliability of equipment. 

• The power of electromagnetic energy, most commonly in the form of an electromagnetic pulse (EMP), can be used to create an electronic attack (EA) directed against computer equipment or data transmissions. By overheating circuitry or jamming communications, EA disrupts the reliability of equipment and the integrity of data. 

•  Malicious code can be used to create a cyber attack, or computer network attack , directed against computer processing code, instruction logic, or data. The code can generate a stream of malicious network packets that can disrupt data or logic through exploiting a vulnerability in computer software, or a weakness in the computer security practices of an organization. This type of cyber attack can disrupt the reliability of equipment, the integrity of data, and the confidentiality of communications.

Un-targeted attacks
 In un-targeted attacks, attackers indiscriminately target as many devices, services or users as possible. They do not care about who the victim is as there will be a number of machines or services with vulnerabilities. To do this, they use techniques that take advantage of the openness of the Internet, which include:

• phishing - sending emails to large numbers of people asking for sensitive information (such as bank details) or encouraging them to visit a fake website 
•  water holing - setting up a fake website or compromising a legitimate one in order to exploit visiting users 
•  ransomware - which could include disseminating disk encrypting extortion malware 
•  scanning - attacking wide swathes of the Internet at random

WHO MIGHT BE ATTACKING YOU? 
States, states sponsored hackers or cyber criminals interested in making money through fraud or from the sale of valuable information. Industrial competitors and foreign intelligence services, interested in gaining an economic advantage for their companies or countries. Hackers who find interfering with computer systems an enjoyable challenge. Hacktivists who wish to attack companies for political or ideological motives. Employees, or those who have legitimate access, either by accidental or deliberate misuse. 

Stages of an attack 
A number of attack models describe the stages of a cyber attack (the Cyber Kill Chain® produced by Lockheed Martin is a popular example ). 
Simplified model that describes the four main stages present in most cyber attacks: 

• Survey - investigating and analysing available information about the target in order to identify potential vulnerabilities 
•  Delivery - getting to the point in a system where a vulnerability can be exploited 
•  Breach - exploiting the vulnerability/vulnerabilities to gain some form of unauthorised access 
•  Affect - carrying out activities within a system that achieve the attacker’s goal Survey Attackers will use any means available 

Cyber Attacks Allegedly Targeted Power Stations in Ukraine 
A cyber attack last month in Ukraine caused a significant portion of the
country's power grid to go offline. 

This attack, if verified, is a window into the future of cyber warfare.  At the start of any modern military campaign, a primary objective of the aggressor is to "take out power and communications" by
blowing up power plants and communications hubs. This is a top priority because, once power and communications are disabled, a country's ability to coordinate defense and mount counter attacks is severely disabled.
Cyber weapons can be pre-positioned inside power companies to do the job of a missile, before a nation even knows it is under attack. U.S. Power Systems' computers have been breached and infected first by Russian hackers and later by other adversaries. Some of the malware they installed is likely still in place and being updated as more attackers attempt to gain control.

WHAT IS THE ZERO-DAY VULNERABILITY ?

WHAT IS THE ZERO-DAY VULNERABILITY ? 

A zero-day vulnerability is a previously unknown flaw in a computer program that exposes the program to external manipulation. Zero-day vulnerabilities have been found in many OS & programs, including Chrome, Internet Explorer, Adobe, and Apple products. Zero-day vulnerabilities also appear in software running critical infrastructure, such as power plants. What differentiates a zero-day from other computer vulnerabilities, and what makes it valuable, is that it is unknown to the software’s makers and users. Whoever has knowledge of a zero-day can exploit it from the “zero-th” day of its discovery, until the software maker or users learn of it and fix the vulnerability. What makes a zero-day vulnerability different from other cyber tools is that it is simply information. A zero-day encapsulates the knowledge that X could happen if you do Y. As Auriemma and Ferrante of ReVuln, a zero-day seller, argue, “we don’t sell weapons, we sell information.” Other companies, however, do sell weaponized vulnerabilities – zero-day “exploits” – that contain new software code taking advantage of a zero-day vulnerability. Desautels, of vulnerability-seller Netragard, states Netragard sells exploits. Zero-day exploits range in complexity and functionality, from enabling access to, monitoring, extracting information from, or damaging a software program. For instance, the Stuxnet program allegedly used by the United States to damage uranium-enrichment Iranian centrifuges made use of four zero-day vulnerabilities.

The term zero-day “vulnerability” describes the software flaw itself. When a zero day vulnerability is sold, knowledge of the flaw is sold. The press often uses the term zero-day “exploit” interchangeably to describe knowledge of a flaw or new software code exploiting a flaw. In this article, the term “exploit” refers only to new code written to take advantage of a zero-day vulnerability. Although turning a vulnerability into an exploit can be relatively easy, motivations for finding and exploiting vulnerabilities often differ. For instance, cybersecurity researchers have less motivation to turn vulnerabilities into exploits than someone selling or buying zero-days. This distinction between a zeroday vulnerability and exploit, and the different groups interacting with them, is important to make when analyzing regulatory options for the zero-day vulnerability trade. Vulnerabilities are most exploitable if kept secret. Zero-days are discovered and not made, so there is no guarantee someone in possession of a vulnerability is the only person who knows about it. The value of secrecy complicates efforts to control the zero-day trade because it contributes to market opacity and lack of transparency about buyer and seller behavior.

Zero-days are traded in three markets. As defined in this article, the “white market” encompasses sales of vulnerabilities between zero-day vulnerability hunters and software vendors or third-party clearinghouses. The “black market” describes interactions where the buyer or the seller has criminal intent. The “grey market” involves interactions between vulnerability sellers and government agencies conducted as legal business deals. It also encompasses sales between vulnerability sellers and legal users of zero-day vulnerabilities, including high-end cybersecurity firms. This article distinguishes between “legal” and “legitimate” zero-day vulnerability markets. White-market and gray-market transactions are legal, and black market transactions illegal. The negative security ramifications of the grey market mean this article designates only white-market options legitimate. Grey-market firms, rather than freelance hackers, now sell more than half of zero-day vulnerabilities. NSS Labs included many of the firms in its market analysis, and concluded that “half a dozen boutique exploit providers have the capacity to offer more than 100 exploits per year, resulting in privately known exploits being available on any given day,” at minimum. One seller identified the decreased risk of getting ripped off, the possibility of job offers, and stable contracts with government or industry clients as reasons vulnerability hunters choose to operate on the grey market.

What precautions Bank Customers need to take against frauds

What precautions Bank Customers need to take against frauds

.. Adv. Prashant Mali, Cyber Security & Law Expert

1. Hold extra money in fixed Deposits and with written instructions to bank that no online Fd transfers.

2. Avoid any banking over phone lots of Vishing scams are happening, it is better to keep the phone down when some one says calling from bank. Till the scams are weeded out by banks or police.

3. If your SIM is deactivated, it normally happens on weekends, immediately call the bank from another phone and freeze you bank account, coz SIM exchange fraud may be happening.

4. Change your PIN number and passwords today, they are already leaked in the international market. Or your "true caller" database has it on their server.

5. Do not do banking from cyber cafe or from any office coz they keep all your logs and data officially , trust me human mind can go corrupt.

6. Today, go to the settings option of your Gmail and check for any filters or any forwarding instructions being there.

7. Always use " Special Instructions " in the account opening form of the bank to write some unique instructions what Bank should look while processing payments. 

8. Do not keep lots of money in Dormant accounts.

9. Don't reveal banking details on any social media websites.

10. Enable 2 factor authentication in your Gmail account. 

11. Use a different browser for Internet banking like incognito or other.

12. Don't clock links blindly on any site or software  read the accompanying text and decide.

13. Save your bank URL as a bookmark and use that or ALWAYS type the bank URL. 

14. If u get a bank email asking u to visit or confirm something  by clicking a link.. make sure that the link goes to the bank website  (it must be bank dot com)

15. When you face a fraud, fight for your money and Pl. educate others too. Logo ki Dua mein bhi takaat hoti hai.

Happy Banking 🙏

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Secret History of Cyber Crime

Guidelines for giving FIR to Accussed

Being a public document, the FIR cannot be withheld from public domain and would not only lend credence but would bring transparency in the working if the Police
Department in case the same is put in public domain. . In this background, it has become imperative that certain directions be issued. Therefore, taking cue from the
judgment passed by the learned Division Bench of Delhi High Court, the following directions are issued:-
(i) The accused is entitled to get a copy of the First Information report at an earlier stage as prescribed under Section 207 of the Cr.P.C.
(ii) An accused who has reasons to suspect that he has been roped in a criminal case and his name may be finding place in a First Information Report can submit an
application through his representative/agent/parokar for grant of a certified copy before the concerned police officer or to the Superintendent of Police on payment of
such fee which is payable for obtaining such a copy from the court. On such application being made, the copy shall be supplied within twenty-four hours.
(iii) Once the First Information Report is forwarded by the police station to the concerned Magistrate or any Special Judge, on an application being filed for certified
copy on behalf of the accused, the same shall be given by the court concerned within two working days. The aforesaid direction has nothing to do with the statutory mandate inhered under Section 207 of the Cr.P.C.
(iv) The copies of FIR, unless reasons recorded regard being had to the nature of the offence that the same is sensitive in nature, should be uploaded on the Himachal Pradesh Police website within twenty-four hours of lodging of the FIR so that the accused or any person connected with the same can download the FIR and file appropriate application before the court as per law for redressal of his grievances.
(v) The decision not to upload the copy of the FIR on the website of H.P. Police shall not be taken by an officer below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police and that too by way of a speaking order. A decision so taken by the Deputy Superintendent of Police shall also be duly communicated to the Area magistrate.
(vi) The word ‘sensitive‘ apart from the other aspects which may be thought of being sensitive by the competent authority as stated hereinbefore would also include concept of privacy regard being had to the nature of the FIR.
(vii) In case a copy of the FIR is not provided on the ground of sensitive nature of the case, a person grieved by the said action, after disclosing his identity, can submit a
representation with the Superintendent of Police who shall constitute a committee of three high officers and the committee shall deal with the said grievance within
three days from the date of receipt of the representation and communicate it to the aggrieved person.
(viii) The Superintendent of Police shall constitute the committee within eight weeks from today.
(ix) In cases wherein decisions have been taken not to give copies of the FIR regard being had to the sensitive nature of the case, it will be open to the accused/his
authorized representative/parokar to file an application for grant of certified copy before the court to which the FIR has been sent and the same shall be provided in
quite promptitude by the concerned court not beyond three days of the submission of the application.
(x) The directions for uploading the FIR on the website of H.P. Police shall be given effect from 26.01.2015.  Democracy expects openness and openness is a concomitant of a free society and sunlight is the best disinfectant. It cannot be disputed that ordinary rule is that secrecy must be an exception, justifiable only when it is demanded by the requirement of public interest.
2. These observations are being made in context of the present petition which seeks quashment of FIR No. 145 of 2014, dated 29.11.2014, registered under Sections 447 and 341 of the Indian Penal Code (for short ‘IPC’), registered at Police Station East,
Chhota Shimla. However, the copy of the FIR has not been placed on record. In response to the query as to why the copy of FIR has not been placed on record, the petitioner, who is present in person, has stated that he is senior citizen of 70 years of age and retired as Assistant Commissioner from the Department of Excise
and Taxation, Himachal Pradesh. Being a respectable person, he is too scared to go to the Police Station to get a copy of the FIR, because he may be arrested, since the complainant happens to be none other, than the Superintendent of Police at Shimla. He further apprised this Court that he has already applied for the copy of the same through his counsel on 4.12.2014 under the Right to Information Act, 2005, but the copy thereof has not been made available to him ostensibly because as per the usual practice, the outer limit of 30 days for supplying information as provided under Section 7 of the Right to Information Act is always considered to be
the inner limit by those in the helm of affairs.
3. Indisputably, for the present, there is no provision for providing First Information Report under the codified limit, but then the liberty of an individual is inextricably linked with his right to be aware how he has been booked, under which law and what are the allegations set out against him. Liberty in freedom is the strongest passion of men and many have sacrificed their lives for the cause of liberty.
4. At this stage, it would be appropriate to take note of the various provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure (for short ‘Code’):-
“154:- Information in cognizable cases:-
(1) Every information relating to the commission of a cognizable offence, if given orally to an officer in charge of a police station, shall be reduced to writing by him or under his direction, and be read over to the informant; and every such information, whether given in writing or reduced to writing as aforesaid, shall be signed by the person giving it, and the substance thereof shall be entered in a book to be kept by
such officer in such form as the State Government may prescribe in this behalf.
(2) A copy of the information as recorded under sub-section (1) shall be given forthwith, free of cost, to the informant.
(3) Any person, aggrieved by a refusal on the part of an officer in charge of a police station to record the information referred to in sub-section (1) may send the substance of such
information, in writing and by post, to the Superintendent of
Police concerned who, if satisfied that such information

discloses the commission of a cognizable offence, shall either
investigate the case himself or direct an investigation to be
made by any police officer subordinate to him, in the manner
provided by this Code, and such officer shall have all the
powers of an officer in charge of the police station in relation to
that offence.”
5. Section 154 of the Code provides for information as to the cognizable cases and investigation of such cases, whereas Section 156 of the Code provides for police officer’s power to
investigate cognizable cases. After investigation, final report is submitted by the police to the Magistrate having territorial jurisdiction. After completion of investigation and submission of
charge-sheet, before trial, the accused is entitled to copies of the
police report as provided in Section 207 of the Code. The said
Section reads as follows:-
“207. Supply to the accused of copy of police report and other documents:- In any case where the proceedings has been instituted on a police report, the Magistrate shall without delay
furnish to the accused, free of cost, a copy of each of the
following:-
(i) the police report;
(ii) the first information report recorded under section 154;
(iii) the statements recorded under sub-section (3) of section 161 of all the persons whom the prosecution proposes to examine as its witnesses, excluding therefrom any part in regard to which a request for such exclusion has been made by the police officer under
sub-section (6) of section 173;
(iv) the confessions and statements, if any, recorded under section 164;
(v) any other document or relevant extract thereof forwarded to the Magistrate with the police report
under sub-section (5) of section 173;
Provided that the Magistrate may, after perusing any such part of a statement as is referred to in clause (iii) and considering the reasons given by the police officer for the request, direct that a copy of that part of the statement or of such portion thereof as the Magistrate thinks proper, shall be
furnished to the accused. Provided further that if the Magistrate is satisfied that any
document referred to in clause (v) is voluminous, he shall,
instead of furnishing the accused with a copy thereof, direct
that he will only be allowed to inspect if either personally or
through pleader in Court.”
6. Section 207 of the Code, therefore, mandates that after completion of investigation and submission of final form before the learned Magistrate, it is the duty of the learned
Magistrate to furnish the accused a free copy of the documents,
which includes police report, FIR, statements recorded under
Sections 161 and 164 of the Code etc. However, this provision
comes into play only after the investigation is over and after
submission of the final form. Prior to that, as noted above, there is
no provision under the Code for an accused to be supplied with a
copy of the F.I.R.
7. Now in absence of copy of F.I.R., does the accused
have an effective right to defend himself, especially when he is not
in possession to know the nature of allegations so that he can
approach an appropriate form for obtaining necessary relief for
protecting his right and liberty. Is not the copy of FIR a public
document?
8. Section 74 of the Indian Evidence Act (for short ‘Act’)
deals with public documents and reads as follows:-
“74. Public documents. The following documents are
public documents:-
(1) documents forming the acts, or records of the acts:-
(i) of the sovereign authority,

(ii) of official bodies and tribunals, and
(iii) of public officers, legislative, judicial and executive,
(of any part of India or of the Commonwealth), or of
a foreign country;
(2) public records kept (in any State) of private
documents.”
9. Section 76 of the ‘Act’ deals with certified
copies of public documents and reads thus:-
“76. Certified copies of Public Documents- Every public officer
having the custody of a public document, which any person
has a right to inspect, shall give that person on demand a copy
of it on payment of the legal frees therefor, together with a
certificate written at the foot of such copy that it is a true copy
of such document or part thereof, as the case may be, and
such certificate shall be dated and subscribed by such officer
with his name and his official title, and shall be sealed,
whenever such officer is authorized by law to make use of a
seal; and such copies so certified shall be called certified
copies.
Explanation- Any officer who, by the ordinary course of official
duty, is authorized to deliver such copies, shall be deemed to
have the custody of such documents within the meaning of this
section.”
10. A Division Bench of Allahabad High Court in Shyam Lal Vs. State of U.P. and others, 1998 Crl.L.J 2879 has ruled that the First Information Report is a public document.
11. In Chnnappa Andanappa Siddareddy and other Vs. State, 1980 Crl.L.J. 1022 has held thus:-
“The FIR being a record of the acts of the public officers
prepared in discharge of the official duty is such a public
document as defined under Section 74 of the Evidence Act.
Under Section 76 of the Evidence Act, every public officer
having the custody of a public document, which any person
has a right to inspect is bound to give such person on demand
a copy of it on payment of the legal fees therefor.”

12. A Division bench of Madhya Pradesh High Court in Munna Singh Vs. State of M.P., 1989 Crl.L.J. 580 has opined that a
First Information Report is not a privilege document under the
Evidence Act.
13. Learned Single Judge of the Calcutta High Court in Sardar Dapinder Singh Bath Vs. State of West Bengal writ petition (W)
No. 5474 of 2007 has held that as soon as an FIR is registered, it
becomes a public document and members of the public are
entitled to have certified copy thereof. Thus there can be no trace
of doubt that FIR is a public document as defined under Section 74
of the Evidence Act.
14. Now once it is concluded that FIR is a public document, then the accused at least should be entitled to the
copy thereof. At this stage, it will be advantageous to make
reference to a Division Bench of Delhi High Court in Court on its own
Motion Vs. State, Writ Petition (Cr.) Nol. 468 of 2010, wherein the
Court was seized with the same question and it was held as follows:-
“22. Presently, coming to the entitlement of the accused to get
a copy of FIR, we may notice few decisions in the field. In
Dhanpat Singh v. Emperor, AIR 1917 Patna 625, it has been
held thus:
“… It is vitally necessary that an accused person
should be granted a copy of the first information at
the earliest possible state in order that he may get the
benefit of legal advice. To put difficulties in the way of
his obtaining such a copy is only creating a temptation
in the way of the officers who are in possession of the
originals.”
23. The High Court of Calcutta in Panchanan Mondal v. The State, 1971 Crl.L.J. 875 has opined that the accused is entitled to a copy of the FIR on payment of legal fees at any stage. After
so opining, the learned Judge proceeded to deal with the
facet of prejudice in the following terms:
“The question of prejudice of the accused on account
of the denial of the copy of the FIR at the earlier
stage therefore assumes greater importance and on
a proper consideration thereof, I hold that it is
expedient in the interests of justice that a certified
copy of the first information report, which is a public
document, should be granted to the accused on his
payment of the legal fees therefor at any stage
even earlier than the stage of S.173(4) of the Code of
Criminal Procedure. At the later stage of accused will
have the right to have a free copy but the same
would not take away the right he already has in law to
have a certified copy of the first information report
on payment of the legal fees.”
24. In Jayantibhai Lalubhai Patel v. The State of Gujarat, 1992 Crl. L.J. 2377, the High Court of Gujarat has ruled thus:
“6. …whenever FIR is registered against the accused, a copy of it is forwarded to the Court under provisions of the Code; Thus it becomes a public document.
Considering (1) of the provisions of Art.21 of the
Constitution of India, (2) First Information Report is a
public document in view of S.74 of the Evidence Act; (3)
Accused gets right as allegations are made against
him under provisions of S.76 of the Indian Evidence Act,
and (4) FIR is a document to which S.162 of the
Code does not apply and is of considerable value
as on that basis investigation commenced and that
is the first version of the prosecution, as and when
application is made by accused for a certified copy of
the complaint, the Court to which it is forwarded
should give certified copy of the FIR, if the
application and legal fees thereof have been
tendered for the same in the Court of law...”
25. The situation can be viewed from the constitutional perspective. Article 21 of the Constitution of India uses the expression ‘personal liberty‘. The said expression is not restricted
to freedom from physical restraint but Includes a full range of
rights which has been interpreted and conferred by the Apex
Court in a host of decisions. It is worth noting, the great
philosopher Socrates gave immense emphasis on ‘personal
liberty‘. The State has a sacrosanct duty to preserve the
liberties of citizens and every act touching the liberty of a
citizen has to be tested on the anvil and touchstone of Article
21 of the Constitution of India, both substantive and also on
the canons of procedural or adjective law. Article 22 of the
Constitution of India also has significant relevance in the
present context inasmuch as it deals with protection against

arrest and detention in certain cases. For the sake of
completeness, we think it apposite to reproduce Articles 21 and
22 of the Constitution of India:
“21. Protection of life and personal liberty- No person
shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty
except according to procedure established by law.
22. Protection against arrest and detention in certain
cases –
(1) No person who is arrested shall be detained in
custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of
the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the
right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal
practitioner of his choice.
(2) Every person who is arrested and detained in
custody shall be produced before the nearest
magistrate within a period of twenty-four hours of
such arrest excluding the time necessary for the
journey from the place of arrest to the court of the
magistrate and no such person shall be detained in
custody beyond the said period without the authority of
a magistrate.
(3) Nothing in clauses (1) and (2) shall apply-
(a) to any person who for the time being is an enemy
alien; or
(b) to any person who is arrested or detained
under any law providing for preventive detention.
(4) No law providing for preventive detention shall authorise the detention of a person for a longer
period than three months unless-(a) an Advisory Board
consisting of persons who are, or have been, or are
qualified to be appointed as, Judges of a High Court
has reported before the expiration of the said period
of three months that there is in its opinion sufficient
cause for such detention:
Provided that nothing in this sub-clause
shall authorise the detention of any person
beyond the maximum period prescribed by
any law made by Parliament under subclause
(b) of clause (7); or
(b) such person is detained in accordance with the
provisions of any law made by Parliament under
subclauses (a) and (b) of clause (7).
(5) When any person is detained in pursuance of an order made under any law providing for preventive detention, the authority making the order shall, as soon as may be, communicate to such person the grounds on which the order has been made and shall afford him the
earliest opportunity of making a representation against the
order.

(6) Nothing in clause (5) shall require the authority making any such order as is referred to in that clause to disclose facts which such authority considers to be against
the public interest to disclose.
(7) Parliament may by law prescribe-
(a) the circumstances under which, and the class or
classes of cases in which, a person may be detained for a
period longer than three months under any law providing for
preventive detention without obtaining the opinion of an
Advisory Board in accordance with the provisions of subclause
(a) of clause (4);
(b) the maximum period for which any person may in any
class or classes of cases be detained under any law
providing for preventive detention; and
(c) the procedure to be followed by an Advisory Board
in an inquiry under sub-clause (a) of clause (4).”
26. The Constitution Bench in Shri Gurbaksh Singh Sibbia and
others v. State of Punjab, (1980) 2 SCC 565 has held thus:
“26. … No doubt can linger after the decision in
Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, (1978) 1 SCC 248, that
in order to meet the challenge of Article 21 of the
Constitution, the procedure established by law for
depriving a person of his liberty must be fair, just
and reasonable. Section 438, in the form in which it
is conceived by the legislature, is open to no
exception on the ground that it prescribes a procedure
which is unjust or unfair. We ought, at all costs, to avoid
throwing it open to a Constitutional challenge by
reading words in it which are not to be found therein.”
27. In Gudikanti Narasimhulu v. Public Prosecutor, (1978) 1 SCC
240, it has been held thus:
“…the issue of bail is one of liberty, justice, public safety
and burden of the public treasury, all of which insist that
a developed jurisprudence of bail is integral to a
socially sensitized judicial process…. After all, personal
liberty of an accused or convict is fundamental,
suffering lawful eclipse only in terms of procedure
established by law. The last four words of Article 21
are the life of that human right.”
28. In Ranjitsing Brahmajeetsingh Sharma v. State of
Maharashtra and another, (2005) 5 SCC 294, while reiterating
that presumption of innocence is a human right, the threeJudge
Bench has held thus:
“35. …Article 21 in view of its expansive meaning not
only protects life and liberty but also envisages a
fair procedure. Liberty of a person should not
ordinarily be interfered with unless there exit cogent
grounds therefor.”

29. In State of West Bengal and others v. Committee for
Protection of Democratic Rights, West Bengal and others, (2010)
3 SCC 571, the Apex Court has expressed thus:
“68(ii) Article 21 of the Constitution in its broad
perspective seeks to protect the persons of their lives
and personal liberties except according to the
procedure established by law. The said article in its
broad application not only takes within its fold
enforcement of the rights of an accused but also the
rights of the victim. The State has a duty to enforce
the human rights of a citizen providing for fair and
impartial investigation against any person accused of
commission of a cognizable offence, which may
include its own officers. In certain situations even a
witness to the crime may seek for and shall be
granted protection by the State.”
30. In Narendra Singh and another v. State of M.P., (2004) 10 SCC 699, the Apex Court has observed that presumption of innocence is a human right.
31. In this context, we may refer with profit the decision in Som Mittal v. Government of Karnataka, (2008) 3 SCC 753, wherein it has been stated thus:
“46. The right of liberty under Article 21 of the
Constitution is a valuable right, and hence should not be
lightly interfered with. It was won by the people of
Europe and America after tremendous historical
struggles and sacrifices. One is reminded to Charles
Dickens‘s novel A Tale of Two Cities in which Dr.
Manette was incarcerated in the Bastille for 18 years on
a mere lettre de cachet of a French aristocrat, although
he was innocent.”
32. The Apex Court in D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal, AIR
1997 SC 610, while emphasizing on personal liberty in a
civilized society on the backdrop of constitutional philosophy
especially enshrined under Articles 21 and 22(1) of the
Constitution of India, has expressed thus:
“22. … The rights inherent in Articles 21 and 22(1) of
the Constitution require to be jealously and scrupulously
protected. We cannot wish away the problem. Any form
of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
would fall within the inhibition of Article 21 of the
Constitution, whether it occurs during investigation,
interrogation or otherwise. If the functionaries of the
Government become law breakers, it is bound to
breed contempt for law and would encourage
lawlessness and every man would have the tendency to
become law unto himself thereby leading to
anarchism. No civilised nation can permit that to
happen. Does a citizen shed off his fundamental right to

life, the moment a policeman arrests him? Can the right
to life of a citizen be put in abeyance on his
arrest? These questions touch the spinal cord of
human rights jurisprudence. The answer, indeed, has to
be an emphatic 'No'. The precious right guaranteed
by Article 21 of the Constitution of India cannot be
denied to convicts, undertrials, detenus and other
prisoners in custody, except according to the procedure
established by law by placing such reasonable
restrictions as are permitted by law.”
In the said case, regard being had to the difficulties faced
by the accused persons and keeping in view the concept that
the action of the State must be “right, just and fair” and that
there should not be any kind of torture, their Lordships issued the
following directions:
“36. We, therefore, consider it appropriate to issue the
following requirements to be followed in all cases of
arrest or detention till legal provisions are made in
that behalf as preventive measures:
(1) The police personnel carrying out the arrest and
handling the interrogation of the arrestee should
bear accurate, visible and clear identification and
name tags with their designations. The particulars of all
such police personnel who handle interrogation of the
arrestee must be recorded in a register.
(2) That the police officer carrying out the arrest of the
arrestee shall prepare a memo of arrest at the time
of arrest and such memo shall be attested by at
least one witness, who may be either a member of the
family of the arrestee or a respectable person of the
locality from where the arrest is made. It shall also be
counter signed by the arrestee and shall contain the
time and date of arrest.
(3) A person who has been arrested or detained and is
being held in custody in a police station or interrogation
center or other lock-up, shall be entitled to have one
friend or relative or other person known to him or having
interest in his welfare being informed, as soon as
practicable, that he has been arrested and is being
detained at the particular place, unless the attesting
witness of the memo of arrest is himself such a friend or a
relative of the arrestee.
(4) The time, place of arrest and venue of custody of an arrestee must be notified by the police where the next
friend or relative of the arrestee lives outside the district
or town through the Legal Aid Organisation in the District
and the police station of the area concerned
telegraphically within a period of 8 to 12 hours after the
arrest.
(5) The person arrested must be made aware of this right to have someone informed of his arrest or
detention as soon as he is put under arrest or is
detained.

(6) An entry must be made in the diary at the place of
detention regarding the arrest of the person which
shall also disclose the name of the next friend of
the person who has been informed of the arrest
and the names and particulars of the police officials
in whose custody the arrestee is.
(7) The arrestee should, where he so requests, be also
examined at the time of his arrest and major and
minor injuries, if any, present on his/her body, must be
recorded at that time. The “Inspection Memo” must be
signed both by the arrestee and the police officer
effecting the arrest and its copy provided to the
arrestee.
(8) The arrestee should be subjected to medical
examination by a trained doctor every 48 hours during
his detention in custody by a doctor on the panel of
approved doctors appointed by Director, Health
Services of the concerned State or Union Territory,
Director, Health Services should prepare such a
penal for all Tehsils and Districts as well.
(9) Copies of all the documents including the memo of
arrest, referred to above, should be sent to the Illaqa
Magistrate for his record.
(10) The arrestee may be permitted to meet his lawyer
during interrogation, though not throughout the
interrogation.
(11) A police control room should be provided at
all district and state headquarters, where information
regarding the arrest and the place of custody of
the arrestee shall be communicated by the officer
causing the arrest, within 12 hours of effecting the
arrest and at the police control room it should be
displayed on a conspicuous notice board.”
33. Recently, in the decision rendered in Siddharam
Satlingappa Mhetre v. State of Maharashtra and others
(Criminal Appeal No.2271/2010 decided on 2.12.2010), the
Apex Court, while dealing with the concept of liberty, has
opined thus:
“41. All human beings are born with some
unalienable rights like life, liberty and pursuit of
happiness. The importance of these natural rights can
be found in the fact that these are fundamental for their
proper existence and no other right can be enjoyed
without the presence of right to life and liberty.
42. Life bereft of liberty would be without honour and
dignity and it would lose all significance and meaning
and the life itself would not be worth living. That is
why "liberty" is called the very quintessence of a
civilized existence.

43. Origin of "liberty"' can be traced in the ancient
Greek civilization. The Greeks distinguished between the
liberty of the group and the liberty of the individual. In
431 B.C., an Athenian statesman described that the
concept of liberty was the outcome of two notions,
firstly, protection of group from attack and secondly,
the ambition of the group to realize itself as fully as
possible through the self-realization of the individual
by way of human reason. Greeks assigned the duty
of protecting their liberties to the State. According to
Aristotle, as the state was a means to fulfil certain
fundamental needs of human nature and was a means
for development of individuals’ personality in
association of fellow citizens so it was natural and
necessary to man. Plato found his "republic” as the best
source for the achievement of the self-realization of the
people.”
After so holding, their Lordships referred to various
jurisprudential thought expounded by eminent jurists which
we think it condign to reproduce:
“53. Roscoe Pound, an eminent and one of the
greatest American Law Professors aptly observed in his
book "The Development of Constitutional Guarantee of
Liberty" that whatever, `liberty' may mean today,
the liberty is guaranteed by our bills of rights, "is a
reservation to the individual of certain fundamental
reasonable expectations involved in life in civilized
society and a freedom from arbitrary and
unreasonable exercise of the power and authority of
those who are designated or chosen in a politically
organized society to adjust that society to individuals."
54. Blackstone in "Commentaries on the Laws of
England", Vol.I, p.134 aptly observed that "Personal
liberty consists in the power of locomotion, of
changing situation or moving one's person to
whatsoever place one's own inclination may direct,
without imprisonment or restraint unless by due process
of law".
X X X X X X X X
57. Eminent former Judge of this Court, Justice H.R. Khanna in a speech as published in 2 IJIL, Vol.18 (1978), p.133 observed that "liberty postulates the creation of a
climate wherein there is no suppression of the
human spirits, wherein, there is no denial of the
opportunity for the full growth of human personality,
wherein head is held high and there is no servility of
the human mind or enslavement of the human body".
Thereafter, their Lordships referred to life and liberty under our
Constitution and opined thus:
“61. Life and personal liberty are the most prized
possessions of an individual. The inner urge for freedom is
a natural phenomenon of every human being. Respect
for life, liberty and property is not merely a norm or a policy of the State but an essential requirement of any civilized society.”
In this regard, we think it seemly to reproduce paragraphs 71
and 72 of the said decision:
“71. The object of Article 21 is to prevent
encroachment upon personal liberty in any
manner. Article 21 is repository of all human rights
essentially for a person or a citizen. A fruitful and
meaningful life presupposes full of dignity, honour,
health and welfare. In the modern "Welfare
Philosophy", it is for the State to ensure these essentials
of life to all its citizens, and if possible to non-citizens.
While invoking the provisions of Article 21, and by
referring to the oft-quoted statement of Joseph
Addision, "Better to die ten thousand deaths than
wound my honour", the Apex court in Khedat
Mazdoor Chetana Sangath v. State of M.P. and
Others (1994) 6 SCC 260 posed to itself a question
"If dignity or honour vanishes what remains of life"? This
is the significance of the Right to Life and Personal
Liberty guaranteed under the Constitution of India in
its third part.
72. This court in Central Inland Water Transport
Corporation Ltd. and Another v. Brojo Nath Ganguly
and Another (1986) 3 SCC 156 observed that the law
must respond and be responsive to the felt and
discernible compulsions of circumstances that would
be equitable, fair and justice, and unless there is
anything to the contrary in the statute, Court must take
cognizance of that fact and act accordingly.”
34. From the aforesaid enunciation of law, it is graphically vivid
that fair and impartial investigation is a facet of Article 21
of the Constitution of India and presumption as regards the
innocence of an accused is a human right. Therefore, a
person who is booked under criminal law has a right to know
the nature of allegations so that he can take necessary
steps to safeguard his liberty. It is imperative in a country
governed by Rule of Law as crusaders of liberty have
pronounced ‘Give me liberty, or give me death‘. Not for
nothing it has been said that when a dent is created in t he
spine of liberty, it leads to a rainbow of chaos.
35. At this juncture, we may profitably refer to a part of the first
Menon & Pai Foundation Law Lecture delivered at Cochin
by Lord David Pannick, Queen‘s Counsel, wherein he has
spoken thus:
“We should respect human rights in difficult times as well
as in tolerable times because we are battling
against terrorism precisely so that we can maintain a

democratic society in which we enjoy individual liberty,
the right to debate and dissent, and all the other
freedoms that we cherish and which the terrorists
abhor. To discard those values even temporarily,
devalues all of us. And it would hand a victory to the
terrorists, part of whose goal is to destroy the values
we cherish and they despise”
The aforesaid luminously throws the laser beam on the
cherished value of liberty.
36. In this context, it is apt to note that the right to know
has its own signification. The protagonists of modern
democracy plead and preach with immense enthusiasm and
rationally support the principle that the collective has a basic
and fundamental right to know about things which are
supposed to be known by the society. In The State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain and others, AIR 1975 SC 865, while dealing with a claim of privilege under Section 123 of the Evidence Act,
their Lordships have held as follows:
“41. The several decisions to which reference has
already been made establish that the foundation of the
law behind Sections 123 and 162 of the Evidence Act
is the same as in English law. It is that injury to public
interest is the reason for the exclusion from disclosure
of documents whose contents if disclosed would
injure public and national interest. Public interest
which demands that evidence be withheld is to be
weighed against the public interest in the administration
of justice that courts should have the fullest possible
access to all relevant materials. When public interest
outweighs the latter, the evidence cannot be
admitted. The court will proprio motu exclude evidence
the production of which is contrary to public interest.
It is in public interest that confidentiality shall be
safeguarded. The reason is that such documents
become subject to privilege by reason of their
contents. Confidentiality is not a head of privilege. It
is a consideration to bear in mind. It is not that the
contents contain material which it would be
damaging to the national interest to divulge but rather
that the documents would be of class which demand
protection. (See 1973 AC 388 (supra) at p. 40). To
illustrate, the class of documents would embrace
Cabinet papers, Foreign Office dispatches, papers
regarding the security to the State and high level
inter-departmental minutes. In the ultimate analysis
the contents of the document are so described that
it could be seen at once that in the public interest the
documents are to be withheld. (See Merricks v. Nott
Bower. [1964] 1 All ER 717.”
We have referred to the same only to show how a larger
interest will prevail over the private interest. It is basically in the
realm of the doctrine of striking of balance.

37. In S.P. Gupta v. Union of India and others, AIR 1982 SC 149,
their Lordships opined thus:
“73. …Now we agree with the learned counsel
on behalf of the petitioners that this immunity should not
be lightly extended to any other class of documents,
but, at the same time, boundaries cannot be
regarded as immutably fixed. The principle is that
whenever it is clearly contrary to the public interest for
a document to be disclosed, then it is in law immune
from disclosure. If a new class comes into existence to
which this principle applies, then that class would enjoy
the same immunity.”
Thereafter, their Lordships proceeded to state as follows:
“74. …It is necessary to repeat and re-emphasize
that this claim of immunity can be justifiably made only,
if it is felt that the disclosure of the document would
be injurious to public interest. Where the State is a party
to an action in which disclosure of a document is sought
by the opposite party, it is possible that the decision
to withhold the document may be influenced by
the apprehension that such disclosure may adversely
affect the head of the department or the department
itself or the minister or even the Government or that it
may provoke public criticism or censure in the
legislature or in the press, but it is essential that such
considerations should be totally kept out in reaching
the decision whether or not to disclose the document.
So also the effect of the document on the ultimate
course of the litigation whether its disclosure would hurt
the State in its defence - should have no relevance in
making a claim for immunity against disclosure. The
sole and only consideration must be whether the
disclosure of the document would be detrimental to
public interest in the particular case before the Court.”
[Emphasis supplied]
38. In Reliance Petrochemicals Ltd. v. Proprietors of Indian
Express Newspapers Bombay Pvt. Ltd. and others, AIR 1989
SC 190, their Lordships, while dealing with the said issue, have
ruled thus:
“9. Elaborate arguments were advanced by counsel for
both sides. It was contended that there was no
contempt of Courts involved herein and furthermore,
it was contended that pre-stoppage of newspaper
article or publication on matters of public importance
was uncalled for and contrary to freedom of Press
enshrined in our Constitution and in our laws. The
publication was on a public matter, so public debate
cannot and should not be stopped. On the other
hand, it was submitted that due administration of
justice must be unimpaired. We have to balance in the
words of Lord Scarman in the House of WP(Crl.)
No.468/2010 Page 26 of 35 Lords in Attorney-

General v. British Broadcasting Corporation, 1981 A.C.
303 at page 354, between the two interests of great
public importance, freedom of speech and
administration of justice. A balance, in our opinion, has
to be struck between the requirements of free press
and fair trial in the words of the Justice Black in Harry
Bridges v. State of California, (86 Led 252 at page 260).”
39. Thereafter, their Lordships referred to the decisions
rendered in Express Newspapers (Pvt.) Ltd. v. The Union of India,
AIR 1958 SC 578, State of Bombay v. R.M.D. Chamarbaugwala,
AIR 1957 SC 699, In Re: P.C. Sen, AIR 1970 SC 1821, C.K.
Daphtary v. O.P. Gupta, AIR 1971 SC 1132, Indian Express
Newspapers (Bombay) Pvt. Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR 1986 SC
515, Harry Bridges v. State of California, 1941-86 Law ed 192,
Abrams v. United States, (1918) 63 Law ed 1173, John D.
Pennekamp v. State of Flordia, (1945) 90 Law ed 1295,
Nebraska Press Association v. Hugh Stuart, (1976) 49 Law ed
2d 683, Attorney General v. British Broadcasting Corpn.,
(1979) 3 All ER 45, Attorney General v. B.B.C., 1981 AC 303,
Attorney General v. Times Newspapers Ltd., (1974) AC 273,
Bread Manufacturers Ltd., (1937) 37 SR (NSW) 242 and eventually
came to hold as under:
“38. In this peculiar situation our task has been difficult
and complex. The task of a modern Judge, as has
been said, is increasingly becoming complex.
Furthermore, the lot of a democratic Judge is heavier
and thus nobler. We cannot escape the burden of
individual responsibilities in a particular situation in
view of the peculiar facts and circumstances of the
case. There is no escape in absolute. Having regard,
however, to different aspects of law and the several
decisions, by which though we are not bound, except
the decisions of this Court referred to hereinbefore,
about which we have mentioned, there is no
decision dealing with this particular problem, we are of
the opinion that as the Issue is not going to affect the
general public or public life nor any jury is involved, it
would be proper and legal, on an appraisal of the
balance of convenience between the risk which will be
caused by the publication of the article and the
damage to the fundamental right of freedom of
knowledge of the people concerned and the
obligation of Press to keep people informed, that
the injunction should not continue any further.”
40. In Dinesh Trivedi, M.P. and others v. Union of India and
others, (1997) 4 SCC 306, while dealing with the facet of
right to know, their Lordships have expressed thus:
“16. In modern constitutional democracies, it is
axiomatic that citizens have a right to know about
the affairs of the Government which, having been

elected by them, seeks to formulate sound policies
of governance aimed at their welfare. However, like
all other rights, even this right has recognised
limitations; it is, by no means, absolute. This Court has
had many an opportunity to express itself upon this
issue. In the case of State of U.P. v. Raj Narain,
(1975) 4 SCC 428, Mathew, J. eloquently expressed
this proposition in the following words:
“In a government of responsibility like ours, where
all the agents of the public must be responsible for
their conduct, there can be but few secrets.
The people of this country have a right to know
every public act, everything that is done in a
public way, by their public functionaries. They
are entitled to know the particulars of every
public transaction in all its bearing. The right to
know, which is derived from the concept of
freedom of speech, though not absolute, is a
factor which should make one wary, when
secrecy is claimed for transactions which can,
at any rate, have no repercussion on public
security. To cover with veil of secrecy, the
common routine business, is not in the interest of
the public. Such secrecy can seldom be
legitimately desired. It is generally desired for the
purpose of parties and politics or personal
selfinterest or bureaucratic routine. The
responsibility of officials to explain and to justify
their acts is the chief safeguard against oppression
and corruption.”
[Emphasis added]
41. Be it noted, in the said case, their Lordships referred to the
decision in S.P. Gupta (supra) opining that the ordinary rule is
that secrecy must be an exception, justifiable only when it is
demanded by the requirement of public interest and
eventually came to hold that to ensure the continued
participation of the people in the democratic process, they
must be kept informed of the vital decisions taken by the
Government and the basis thereof. Democracy, therefore,
expects openness and openness is a concomitant of a free
society and sunlight is the best disinfectant. After so stating, their
Lordships have proceeded to state as follows:
“19. But it is equally important to be alive to the
dangers that lie ahead. It is important to realise
that undue popular pressure brought to bear on
decision-makers in Government can have frightening
side-effects. If every action taken by the political or
executive functionary is transformed into a public
controversy and made subject to an enquiry to soothe
popular sentiments, it will undoubtedly have a chilling
effect on the independence of the decision-maker
who may find it safer not to take any decision. It will
paralyse the entire system and bring it to a grinding
halt. So we have two conflicting situations almost

enigmatic and we think the answer is to maintain a fine
balance which would serve public interest.”
15. Articles 21 and 22 of the Constitution of India provide
that liberty of a citizen cannot be interfered or curtailed lightly by
the authorities, which reads as follows:-
“21. Protection of life and personal liberty:- No person shall be
deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to
procedure established by law.
22. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases-
(1) No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody
without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for
such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be
defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice.
(2) Every person who is arrested and detained in custody shall
be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of
twenty-four hours of such arrest excluding the time necessary
for the journey from the place of arrest to the court of the
magistrate and no such person shall be detained in custody
beyond the said period without the authority of a magistrate.
(3) Nothing in clauses (1) and (2) shall apply-
(a) to any person who for the time being is an enemy alien; or
(b) to any person who is arrested or detained under any
law providing for preventive detention.
(4) No law providing for preventive detention shall authorise
the detention of a person for a longer period than three
months unless-
(a) an Advisory Board consisting of persons who are, or have
been, or are qualified to be appointed as, Judges of a High
Court has reported before the expiration of the said period of
three months that there is in its opinion sufficient cause for
such detention:
Provided that nothing in this sub-clause shall authorise
the detention of any person beyond the maximum
period prescribed by any law made by Parliament under
sub-clause (b) of clause (7); or

(b) such person is detained in accordance with the
provisions of any law made by Parliament under subclauses
(a) and (b) of clause (7).
(5) When any person is detained in pursuance of an order
made under any law providing for preventive detention, the
authority making the order shall, as soon as may be,
communicate to such person the grounds on which the
order has been made and shall afford him the earliest
opportunity of making a representation against the order.
(6) Nothing in clause (5) shall require the authority making
any such order as is referred to in that clause to disclose facts
which such authority considers to be against the public interest
to disclose.
(7) Parliament may by law prescribe-
(a) the circumstances under which, and the class or classes of
cases in which, a person may be detained for a period longer
than three months under any law providing for preventive
detention without obtaining the opinion of an Advisory Board
in accordance with the provisions of sub-clause (a) of clause
(4);
(b) the maximum period for which any person may in any
class or classes of cases be detained under any law
providing for preventive detention; and
(c) the procedure to be followed by an Advisory Board in an
inquiry under sub-clause (a) of clause (4).”
16. The expression ‘personal liberty’ is not restricted to
freedom from physical restraint but includes a full range of rights
which has been interpreted and conferred by the Apex Court in a
host of decisions. The State has a sacrosanct duty to preserve the
liberties of citizens and every act touching the liberty of a citizen has
to be tested on the anvil and touchstone of Article 21 of the
Constitution of India, both substantive and also on the cannons of
procedural or adjective law.

17. At this stage, it has be to be noted that a Right to
Information Act, 2005 is in place, which has been enacted in order
to ensure secure and more effective access to information. It is an
act to provide for setting out the practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the
control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and
accountability in the working of every public authorities. It is
specifically stated that democracy requires an informed citizenry
and transparency of information which are vital to its functioning
and also to contain corruption and to hold Governments and their
instrumentalities accountable to the governed.
18. The Division bench of Delhi High court after taking
into consideration large number of cases and Rules, has held that
the accused is entitled to receive a copy of FIR even from the
police, since FIR was a public document and therefore, persons
who is in custody of the same is liable to give a copy thereof to the
person who has interest in the same or whose interest is adversely
affected by the same.
19. The Delhi High Court then issued directions regarding
making available copy of First Information Report to the accused at
an earlier state, as prescribed under Section 207 Cr.P.C. and also
uploading the copies of FIR on the official website of the police.
The decision of Delhi High Court inturn was followed by a Division
Bench of Orrisa High Court in Arun Kumar Budhia Vs. State of Orissa
and another (W.P.(Crl.) No. 1096 of 2011), and based on those two
decisions, the Maharashtra Chief Information Commissioner (SCIC)

directed the Director General of Police to publish all the First
Information Reports (FIRs) except those decided by an Officer of
Deputy Superintendent of Police level on its website. The Division
Bench judgment of Delhi High Court has subsequently been
followed by the Punjab and Haryana High Court and directions
were issued to upload the FIRs on the official website of Police
Department w.e.f. 1st July, 2013.
20. Now once it cannot be disputed that FIR is a public
document, then why the same should be kept out from public
domain. Notably, the FIRs are already uploaded on the official
website of the Police Department, but with restrictive usage for intra
departmental purpose only. Being a public document, the FIR
cannot be withheld from public domain and would not only lend
credence but would bring transparency in the working of the Police
Department in case the same is put in public domain.
21. In this background, it has become imperative that
certain directions be issued. Therefore, taking cue from the
judgment passed by the learned Division Bench of Delhi High Court,
the following directions are issued:-
(i) The accused is entitled to get a copy of the First
Information report at an earlier stage as prescribed under
Section 207 of the Cr.P.C.
(ii) An accused who has reasons to suspect that he has
been roped in a criminal case and his name may be
finding place in a First Information Report can submit an
application through his representative/agent/parokar for
grant of a certified copy before the concerned police
officer or to the Superintendent of Police on payment of
such fee which is payable for obtaining such a copy

from the court. On such application being made, the
copy shall be supplied within twenty-four hours.
(iii) Once the First Information Report is forwarded by the
police station to the concerned Magistrate or any
Special Judge, on an application being filed for certified
copy on behalf of the accused, the same shall be given
by the court concerned within two working days. The
aforesaid direction has nothing to do with the
statutory mandate inhered under Section 207 of the
Cr.P.C.
(iv) The copies of FIR, unless reasons recorded regard
being had to the nature of the offence that the same
is sensitive in nature, should be uploaded on the
Himachal Pradesh Police website within twenty-four
hours of lodging of the FIR so that the accused or any
person connected with the same can download the FIR
and file appropriate application before the court as per
law for redressal of his grievances.
(v) The decision not to upload the copy of the FIR on the
website of H.P. Police shall not be taken by an
officer below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of
Police and that too by way of a speaking order. A
decision so taken by the Deputy Superintendent of Police
shall also be duly communicated to the Area magistrate.
(vi) The word ‘sensitive‘ apart from the other aspects
which may be thought of being sensitive by the
competent authority as stated hereinbefore would also
include concept of privacy regard being had to the
nature of the FIR.
(vii) In case a copy of the FIR is not provided on the ground of
sensitive nature of the case, a person grieved by the said
action, after disclosing his identity, can submit a
representation with the Superintendent of Police who

shall constitute a committee of three high officers and
the committee shall deal with the said grievance within
three days from the date of receipt of the
representation and communicate it to the grieved
person.
(viii) The Superintendent of Police shall constitute the
committee within eight weeks from today.
(ix) In cases wherein decisions have been taken not to give
copies of the FIR regard being had to the sensitive
nature of the case, it will be open to the accused/his
authorized representative/parokar to file an application
for grant of certified copy before the court to which
the FIR has been sent and the same shall be provided in
quite promptitude by the concerned court not beyond
three days of the submission of the application.
(x) The directions for uploading the FIR on the website of H.P.
Police shall be given effect from 26.01.2015.
22. A copy of this order be sent to the Chief Secretary,
Principal Secretary (Home) and the Director General of Police to
take appropriate action to effectuate the directions in an apposite
manner so that grievances of this nature do not travel to Court.
23. Compliance report on behalf of the Chief Secretary to
the Government of Himachal Pradesh be filed before this Court on
or before 30.1.2015 when the case for this purpose shall be listed
before the Hon’ble Vacation Judge.
Notice to respondent No. 5 returnable on 8.1.2015 be
issued. Steps for service of said respondent be taken within one
day.
 (Tarlok Singh Chauhan),
 Judge.
 19th December, 2014 (KRS)

If police refuses to register your FIR then what to do ?

If police refuses to register your FIR

then what to do ?

Its a very common phenomenon

that people are saying that police

is not lodging their FIR. Even

sometimes people are ill-treated by

the police.

If Police officer concerned (SHO),

refuses to Register complaint/FIR,

than by virtue of section 154(3), of CRPC awritten Complaint may be send by

Post to the Superintendent of

Police (SP) or the Commissioner of

Police (in Metropolitan areas); If

Superintendent of Police or the

Commissioner of Police (in

Metropolitan areas) is satisfied

that the Complaint discloses

cognizable offence, he may himself

investigate the case or cause the

investigation of the case by any

Police officer subordinate to him.

Even after that if no any action

has been taken then an

application can be made under

section 156(3) read with section

190 of Code of Criminal Procedure

to a judicial Magistrate/

Metropolitan Magistrate thereby

praying that police to register the

FIR., investigate the case, file

charge-sheet or report.

A Writ Petition in the respective

High Court may be filed for the

issuance of Writ of Mandamus

against the defaulting Police

officers, inter alia, to Register the

FIR and directing him to show

cause (a) why he has not registered

the FIR; (b) why disciplinary

proceedings for "Misconduct"

should not be initiated against him

for dereliction of duty; (c) why he

should not be suspended from

Police service for interfering in

the administration of justice and

shielding the accused person.

You can file an online complaint,

find relevant information and also

get the contact details of each

State's own Human Rights

Commission office on the website

of the National Human Rights

Commission http://nhrc.nic.in.

Refusing to register an FIR on

jurisdictional ground could now

cost a policeman a year in jail.

Taking strong view of increasing

instances of such acts by police in

various states, the Union home

ministry has issued strict

instructions to all states to not only

initiate departmental inquiry

against such cops but also

prosecute them under Indian

Penal Code.

The home ministry told the states

and Union Territories to clearly

instruct all police stations that

failure to register FIR on receipt of

information about any cognizable

offence will invite prosecution of

the duty police officer under I.P.C.

Section 166A (government official

disobeying law) which will invite

imprisonment up to one year.

In its latest directive, the MHA told

the states and UnionTerritories that policemen

should be sensitized to respond to

complaints with alacrity, whether

it is from man or woman, and

must apprehend the accused

immediately after the complaint,

as it adversely impacts the victim

and there is tendency of persons

committing crimes to slip away

when there is delay on extraneous

grounds like jurisdiction.

WHAT IS A ZERO FIR ?

Zero FIR (Zero First Information Report) means that a FIR can be registered in any Police Station, on receipt of complaint, irrespective of its territorial jurisdiction and the same can be transferred later to the appropriate Police Station After collection of evidences by Police.

In online banking fraud or credit card fraud or any sim exchange like mobile frauds or any cyber crimes , this is a useful tool as you may be in another state or city away from home and you come to know about the fraud and reporting to police is important from compliance and arresting further fraud point of view. Then Zero FIR serves the immediate purpose.

(Appropriate police station is one within whose local jurrisdiction the offence actually taken place) For example an offence of Murder took place at some area which comes under the jurisdiction of Police Station Agra city. The person who saw the deadbody at Lucknow Highway area approached the nearest Police Station at Lucknow and informed the same. In such a situation police incharge of Lucknow City police Station cannot excuse themselves saying that the case does not fall within their jurisdiction and it falls within the jurrisdiction of Agra City Police Station. They should take immediate action (like collecting samples, getting information from eye witnesses, etc.). Later the case will be transferred to Agra city police Station. ZERO FIR can be filed at any police station – even if you are far off from the place of incident and you may/ may not be sure of the correct jurisdiction? Place where the offence actually taken place? There are provisions to do so and the same can be transferred to the appropriate police station limits when these are available. Such an FIR is called the Zero FIR! However, there are chances that the police station you visit may plead unawareness of such a concept.You should still report an FIR for the record the evidences need to be collected in very short span like blood samples, port martem Report and statement of eye witnesses etc. are required to be collected immediately otherwise it may gets destroyed or tampered by Offenders.

Why Zero FIR is needed?

Incidents like accident, murder, continuous fraud and rape require immediate action from the concerned authorities and rush to take CCTV footage, computer logs, samples, getting information from eye witnesses and getting circumstantial details. A Zero FIR helps to take note of this initial action regardless of trying to figure out in which limits or territorial jurrisdiction the crime / offence took place.

Case Laws; 

1.Satvinder Kaur vs Govt. of NCT of Delhi on 5/10/1999 (AIR 1999, 1031)• 

2.Ramesh Kumari vs Govt. of NCT Delhi on 21/2/2006.

Advocate Prashant Mali

High Court Lawyer, Mumbai

9821763157

Hackers Can Turn Siri And Google Now Against You

Hackers Can Turn Siri And Google Now Against You !!! 😎👊

One of the new features in iOS 9 is the ability to train Siri to only recognize your voice so your phone doesn’t respond to commands from just anybody. According to a report from Wired, though, a pair of researchers at ANSSI—a French government agency—have figured out a way to use radio waves to silently activate Siri or Android’s Google Now from across the room.

The hack only works if the target device has Siri or Google Now enabled, and has headphones or earbuds plugged in that also have a microphone. Wired explains, “Their clever hack uses those headphones’ cord as an antenna, exploiting its wire to convert surreptitious electromagnetic waves into electrical signals that appear to the phone’s operating system to be audio coming from the user’s microphone.”

In theory, the attack could be used to anything you can do using the Siri or Google Now voice interaction. The attacker could make calls, send text messages, open malicious websites, send spam or phishing emails, or post to social networks like Facebook and Twitter. By placing an outbound call to the attacker’s own phone the hack could be used to surreptitiously eavesdrop on the victim.

That’s the doomsday scenario version. Now, let’s scale it back and look at how plausible it is for an attack like this to actually work. Most of the time that you have headphones plugged in to your smartphone you’re also listening to them. When Siri or Google Now are activated—even if initiated silently over the airwaves—they typically make some sort of noise indicating that they’re ready to listen to your voice command, and they respond verbally by default so if you’re wearing the headphones you should immediately realize something suspicious is going on.

Even if you’re not actively wearing the headphones—maybe your headphones are plugged in but the smartphone and headphones are just sitting on a table in front of you—it would be challenging to activate the virtual assistant without alerting you. The display generally comes to life and displays your request along with the response from Siri or Google now. If you’re sitting there, minding your own business, and your smartphone suddenly springs to life you’d probably notice.

Assuming your smartphone has the headphones plugged in, but you’re not wearing the headphones to hear the voice interaction, and the smartphone is lying face down so you can’t see the interaction on the display it is theoretically possible, but still highly unlikely. The attack requires unique hardware and only has a range of between six and sixteen feet according to the researchers—depending on the size and power of the radio and antenna.

“Additional functionality, especially concerning user convenience, has often come at the cost of some security,” stressed Gavin Reid, VP of threat intelligence for Lancope. “In this case the hack needs proximity to work and is a proof of concept needing specialized hardware. High security government equipment and installations have often come with additional shielding specifically to limit emanations and any covert channels.”

It’s conceivable that an attacker could position the radio in a Starbucks or similar public location and generate commands to all of the devices within range and direct them to call a specific phone number that generates cash for the attacker. The odds of that happening are relatively low, though. As Reid explains, “This attack is less likely to be leveraged by the criminal underground especially with other methods much easier to implement”.